Reading Keys
Test 8: Paraphrasing Topic Sentences II

Copyright 2006 © Laraine Flemming.
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Directions: Read each paragraph. Circle the letter of the sentence that best paraphrases the topic sentence.

EXAMPLE:

1Everyone in American generates garbage—lots of it. But no one wants a smelly garbage dump near his or her home. 2Consequently, many cities ship their waste to dump sites hundreds of miles away, often across state lines. 3Household garbage generated by residents of New York City suburbs, for example, is transported to dumps in Illinois and Virginia. 4New Jersey sends much of its trash to dumps in Ohio. 5Most of the states in the eastern part of the country ship their trash to Pennsylvania landfills, which collect waste at the rate of over 8 million tons per year. 6In the Pacific Northwest, Seattle sends its trash by train to a landfill in Oregon. (Source of information: Ann O'M. Bowman and Richard C. Kearney, State and Local Government, 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002, p. 515.)

Paraphrase:

a.

America's largest garbage dumps are all in the eastern part of the country.

b.

Pennsylvania landfills receive most of America's trash..

c.

New York City sends its trash to landfills in other states.

d.

Disposal of much trash occurs far away from where the trash was generated.

Explanation: In this paragraph, every sentence mentions garbage. The passage specifically focuses on the shipment of trash to dump sites far away from where the trash was produced. Therefore, answer a, which focuses on the size of garbage dumps, is incorrect. Answers b and c focus only on one state and therefore are too narrow. Answer d is the right answer because it correctly paraphrases the main idea stated in the second sentence.


1.

1Jobs offer us a number of significant benefits. 2First of all, they give us the financial means to pay for our wants and needs. 3Second, they provide structure and direction for the day by determining what we do and when we do it. 4Third, our jobs give us the opportunity to use our skills and develop new ones, so they keep us from getting bored. 5Fourth, they provide us with enjoyable opportunities for social interaction with different kinds of people. 6Fifth, career development and advancement encourage the pursuit of meaningful goals, so jobs give us a sense of purpose in our lives. 7Finally, jobs provide us with a sense of identity and, for many of us, prestige as well. (Source of information: Paul E. Levy, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003, pp. 336-337.)

Paraphrase:

a.

Jobs are important to us for many different reasons..

b.

Jobs are important because they give us the money we need to survive.

c.

People who don't have jobs cannot be psychologically stable.

d.

Working benefits us mentally in many ways.

2.

1Japanese food, which contains a lot of fish, vegetables, soy bean products, and rice, is loaded with disease-preventing nutrients. 2The oily fish in sushi, for example, has essential omega-3 fatty acids. 3Studies show that these acids guard against many ailments, including heart disease, many cancers, and Alzheimer's disease. 4They also boost the immune system and improve mood. 5The soy bean products, such as tofu, in Japanese food are a rich source of isoflavines, compounds that protect against diseases like breast cancer. 6Because these healthful foods ward off disease, eating Japanese food contributes to a longer life. 7Japanese food is also much lower in fat and calories than many other kinds of cuisine. 8Therefore, eating Japanese cuisine helps keep weight off and avoid obesity. 9For all of these reasons, Japanese cuisine is perhaps the healthiest in the world. (Source of information: Rose Shepherd, "Noodles of Good Health," Times Online, May 15, 2004, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8126-1109133,00.html)

Paraphrase:

a.

Japanese cuisine is based mainly on soy bean products.

b.

Japanese food is very good for your health.

c.

Japanese food has recently become very popular.

d.

Those who want to lose weight should eat Japanese food.

3.

1Have you ever wished that you could quickly a shake a bad mood and turn a bad day into a good one? 2Research suggests that there are four different fast, effective ways to give yourself a mood makeover. 3The first way is to sing an upbeat song. 4According to the British journal Psychology and Psychotherapy, singing takes you away from your everyday existence. 5It also lowers tension levels and improves mood almost instantly. 6The second way to boost your mood is to write about what is annoying you. 7In a recent study, psychologist Robin Kowalski had one group of angry people write about what was bothering them and a second group write about other topics. 8Afterward, the people who wrote about their gripes felt significantly happier than those who didn't. 9The third way to feel better is to eat foods that soothe you. 10Everyone attaches positive associations to certain foods, especially ones like ice cream, chocolate, and cookies, and eating a comforting food will often lift your spirits. 11And the fourth mood-booster involves taking a supplement known as 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan). 12Some medical studies indicate that 5-HTP has an anti-depressant effect that occurs within the first few minutes after taking the pill. (Source of information: Christina Frank, "Mood Makeovers in Minutes," Health, June 2003, pp. 60-64.)

Paraphrase:

a.

There are four promising ways to shake a bad mood.

b.

Singing a song is the best way to improve your mood.

c.

To get in a good mood, singing a song is a better technique than writing about your troubles.

d.

Many researchers are focusing on ways to improve mood and increase happiness.

4.

1For many years, scholars have questioned whether the man named William Shakespeare, who had little formal education, actually wrote the great works of literature credited to him. 2Different researchers have suggested that William Shakespeare was a pen name, and they have proposed a number of people who might have been the actual author of the famous plays and poetry. 3American writer Robin Williams, for example, argues that Shakespeare was actually a woman—Mary Sidney, the Countess of Pembroke. 4Williams claims that Mary Sidney was the most educated woman in England after Queen Elizabeth I and would have possessed the knowledge necessary to write the Shakespeare plays. 5In addition, Williams argues, the first collection of Shakespeare's plays was dedicated to Mary Sidney's sons. 6Therefore, Mary Sidney was actually the plays' composer. 7Williams also points out that Shakespeare's contemporary Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the "sweet swan of Avon." 8Mary Sidney had two estates on the Avon River, and her personal symbol was the swan. (Source of information: "Mystery: Was Shakespeare a She?" Newsweek, June 28, 2004, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5250890/site/newsweek/)

Paraphrase:

a.

William Shakespeare wrote the greatest works of literature in the English language.

b.

Scholars have proposed that a number of different people could have written the plays credited to William Shakespeare.

c.

Mary Sidney was actually a better writer than William Shakespeare was.

d.

According to one theory, Mary Sidney may have written the works credited to William Shakespeare.

5.

1As children, we are taught that we should never judge a book by its cover. 2However, research has shown that we all routinely make judgments about people based on their appearance alone. 3One 1997 study revealed that people tend to view crime suspects dressed in black, a color associated with evil, as more aggressive than crime suspects dressed in lighter colors. 4According to another study done in 2000, people with features such as a full, round face, curly hair, long eyelashes, and large eyes are usually judged to be kind-hearted and not mean-spirited. 5Research completed in the 1980s showed that adults who have mature features—such as small eyes, wrinkled skin, and a pointed chin—are viewed as stronger, more dominant, and more competent. 6Adults with baby-faced features—such as large eyes, smooth skin, and a rounded chin—are viewed as inexperienced, weak, and submissive. 7We even judge people based on their names. 8A 1993 study found that fictional characters with old-fashioned names, like Walter, Dorothy, and Edith, are judged to be less popular and less intelligent than characters with more modern names, like Kevin, Lisa, and Michelle. (Source of information: Sharon S. Brehm et al., Social Psychology, 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002, pp. 94-95.)

Paraphrase:

a.

According to studies, people make conclusions about others based on nothing more than their outward characteristics.

b.

Research indicates that we use people's facial features to make judgments about them.

c.

Parents should teach their children that it is wrong to judge others before they have gotten to know them.

d.

Most of the impressions that we form about others are not accurate.


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